Preheat your oven to 350°F (175°C). Grease two 9-inch round cake pans, line the bottoms with parchment paper, and lightly grease the parchment.
Place the blueberries in a small bowl and toss them with 1 tablespoon of flour until lightly coated; set aside. This prevents the berries from sinking during baking.
In a large bowl, whisk together the 2½ cups of all-purpose flour, baking powder, and salt until evenly combined; set aside.
In the bowl of a stand mixer, beat the softened butter and granulated sugar on medium-high speed for 3 to 5 minutes until pale, light, and fluffy. Scrape down the sides of the bowl as needed.
Add the eggs one at a time, beating for 30 seconds after each addition, then mix in the lemon zest, 2 tablespoons of lemon juice, and vanilla extract until fully combined.
With the mixer on low, alternate adding the dry ingredients and buttermilk in three and two additions respectively, beginning and ending with the dry ingredients; mix only until just combined after each addition.
Remove the bowl from the mixer and gently fold the flour-coated blueberries into the batter using a rubber spatula with slow, sweeping motions until evenly distributed.
Divide the batter evenly between the two prepared pans, smooth the tops, and bake for 30 to 35 minutes until a toothpick inserted in the center comes out clean.
Let the cakes cool in their pans for 10 to 15 minutes, then invert onto a wire rack, remove the parchment, and cool completely — at least 1 hour — before frosting.
Beat the softened butter on medium-high for 2 to 3 minutes until pale, then add the sifted powdered sugar in additions on low speed, followed by the lemon zest, pinch of salt, and 3 to 4 tablespoons of lemon juice; beat on high for 1 minute until fluffy.
Place one cake layer on a serving plate, spread a generous layer of buttercream on top, then add the second layer; apply a thin crumb coat over the entire cake, refrigerate 15 to 20 minutes, then apply the remaining buttercream to finish.