In a food processor, pulse flour, sugar, and salt together. Add cold cubed butter and pulse until mixture looks like coarse sand with pea-sized butter pieces. Add ice water one tablespoon at a time, pulsing briefly, until dough just starts to clump. Turn out onto a floured surface, gather into a disk, wrap in plastic, and refrigerate for at least 30 minutes.
While dough chills, peel, core, and thinly slice apples into even pieces about 1/8 inch thick. Toss apple slices with lemon juice immediately to prevent browning. Add sugar, melted butter, vanilla extract, and cinnamon (if using), then gently toss until every slice is coated. Set aside while rolling out the dough.
Preheat oven to 400°F (200°C). On a lightly floured surface, roll chilled dough into an 11 to 12 inch circle about 1/8 inch thick. Transfer to tart pan, gently pressing into bottom and up fluted sides. Trim excess dough and prick bottom several times with a fork to prevent puffing.
Starting from the outer edge, arrange apple slices in slightly overlapping concentric circles, working toward the center. Overlap slices by about half their width. Pour any remaining juices and sugar from the bowl evenly over the top of the arranged apples.
Place tart pan on a rimmed baking sheet and bake at 400°F for 15 minutes. Reduce temperature to 350°F and continue baking for another 25 to 30 minutes, until crust is deep golden brown and apples are tender when pierced with a knife. Cover edges with foil if browning too quickly. Cool in pan on wire rack for 10 minutes.
While tart cools, warm apricot preserves until loose and pourable, then strain out large fruit chunks. Using a pastry brush, gently brush warm glaze over the top of apples for a glossy finish. Carefully remove outer ring of tart pan, slide tart onto serving plate, and serve warm or at room temperature.