Preheat oven to 350°F (175°C). Grease a 9x5-inch loaf pan and line with parchment paper, leaving overhang on the sides.
In a medium bowl, whisk together flour, baking soda, ginger, cinnamon, cloves, nutmeg, and salt for 30 seconds until evenly combined. Set aside.
In a large bowl, beat softened butter and brown sugar on medium speed for 2-3 minutes until light and fluffy. Scrape down the bowl as needed.
Add molasses and vanilla extract to the butter mixture. Beat on low speed for 30 seconds until well combined and glossy.
Add eggs one at a time, beating on low speed until each is fully incorporated (about 20 seconds each). Scrape down the bowl between additions.
With mixer on low, alternate adding dry ingredients in three parts with buttermilk in two parts, beginning and ending with flour. Mix just until no streaks remain, then fold gently with spatula.
Pour batter into prepared pan, smoothing the top. Tap pan on counter 2-3 times to release air bubbles.
Bake for 50-60 minutes, rotating pan halfway through, until a toothpick inserted in center comes out with just a few moist crumbs. If top browns too quickly, tent loosely with foil.
Cool in pan for 15 minutes, then use parchment overhang to lift loaf onto a cooling rack. Cool completely (30-45 minutes) before slicing. Dust with powdered sugar if desired.