Preheat your oven to 325°F (163°C). Generously grease every crevice of your 12-cup Bundt pan with softened butter, then dust thoroughly with flour and tap out any excess — or use a flour-based baking spray like Baker's Joy.
In a medium bowl, whisk together the flour, baking powder, baking soda, and salt until evenly combined, about 30 seconds. Set aside.
Using a microplane zester, zest 2–3 large lemons to get 1 tablespoon of zest for the batter (plus 1 teaspoon for the glaze), then juice the lemons for ¼ cup of juice for the batter and 3–4 tablespoons for the glaze. Always zest before juicing.
Beat the softened butter and granulated sugar together on medium speed for 4–5 minutes until the mixture is very pale and noticeably fluffy, scraping down the sides of the bowl once or twice. Do not rush this step — it creates the cake's light texture.
With the mixer on low, add the eggs one at a time, waiting until each is fully incorporated before adding the next. Increase to medium speed and beat for 30 seconds after the last egg is added.
On low speed, mix in the 1 tablespoon of lemon zest, ¼ cup of fresh lemon juice, and vanilla extract until just combined, about 15–20 seconds. The batter may look slightly curdled — this is normal.
With the mixer on low, add the flour mixture in three additions alternating with the sour cream in two additions (flour, sour cream, flour, sour cream, flour), beginning and ending with flour. Mix only until no streaks of flour remain — do not overmix.
Scrape the batter into the prepared Bundt pan, smooth the top, and tap the pan on the counter 3–4 times to remove air bubbles. Bake at 325°F for 50–55 minutes until a skewer inserted in the thickest part comes out clean or with just a few moist crumbs.
Cool the cake in the pan on a wire rack for exactly 10–15 minutes, then place a rack on top of the pan and confidently flip them together to unmold. Allow the cake to cool completely on the rack — at least 1 hour — before glazing.
Whisk together the sifted powdered sugar, 3–4 tablespoons of lemon juice, and optional lemon zest until smooth and pourable. Once the cake is fully cool, drizzle the glaze evenly over the top and let it set for 15–20 minutes before slicing.