Remove the goose from refrigeration 1 hour before cooking to bring it to room temperature. Remove the giblets and neck from the cavity and set aside for stock or gravy if desired.
Pat the entire bird completely dry with paper towels, inside and out. Trim any excess fat from around the cavity opening. Using a sharp knife or metal skewer, prick the skin all over the breast and legs at an angle, being careful not to pierce the meat. Season the cavity generously with salt and pepper.
Stuff the cavity with the quartered apples, oranges, and onion. Add the fresh thyme sprigs, sage sprigs, and smashed garlic cloves to the cavity. Tie the legs together with kitchen twine and tuck the wing tips under the body to prevent them from burning.
Rub the entire outside of the goose with the coarse salt and black pepper, making sure to season evenly.
Place a roasting rack inside your roasting pan and position the goose breast-side up on the rack. Pour 1 cup of water into the bottom of the pan to prevent smoking. Preheat your oven to 425°F (220°C).
Place the goose in the preheated oven and roast at 425°F for 30 minutes to get the initial browning and fat rendering started. After 30 minutes, reduce the oven temperature to 350°F (175°C).
Continue roasting, removing accumulated fat from the pan every 30-40 minutes using a baster or ladle. Save this fat for cooking later.
Continue roasting at 350°F for approximately 2.5 to 3 hours total after the initial high-heat period. Check the internal temperature starting at 2.5 hours. The goose is done when the thickest part of the thigh reaches 165°F (74°C). The skin should be deep golden brown and crispy all over. If the skin is browning too quickly, tent loosely with aluminum foil.
Remove the goose from the oven when it reaches temperature. Transfer to a carving board and tent loosely with foil. Let rest for 20-30 minutes before carving.
Remove and discard the aromatics from the cavity. Carve the goose by removing the legs first, then the breasts, slicing against the grain. Serve immediately with your favorite sides and gravy made from the drippings.