Heat a dry cast iron skillet over medium heat. Working in batches, press the ancho, guajillo, pasilla, and chipotle chiles flat and toast for 20–30 seconds per side until fragrant, then transfer to a large bowl.
Pour enough boiling water over the toasted chiles to fully submerge them, then weigh them down with a plate and soak for 20–25 minutes until completely soft. Reserve 1 cup of the soaking liquid, then drain the rest.
Transfer the softened chiles and reserved soaking liquid to a blender and blend on high for 60–90 seconds until completely smooth. Strain through a fine mesh strainer into a bowl, pressing to extract all the liquid; discard the solids.
Pat the beef cubes dry, season generously with salt and black pepper, then sear in 2 tablespoons of hot lard or oil in a Dutch oven over medium-high heat for 2–3 minutes per side until deeply browned. Work in batches to avoid crowding, then transfer to a plate.
Reduce heat to medium, add the remaining 1 tablespoon of lard or oil, and cook the diced onion for 5–6 minutes until softened. Add the minced garlic and cook for 1 minute more, scraping up any browned bits from the bottom of the pot.
Add the ground cumin, smoked paprika, dried oregano, and cayenne pepper directly to the pot and stir constantly for 30–60 seconds until fragrant. Add a small splash of broth if the pot looks dry.
Return the seared beef and any collected juices to the pot, then pour in the strained chile sauce and beef broth and stir to combine. The liquid should just barely cover the beef; add a splash more broth if needed.
Bring the chili to a boil, then reduce the heat to low, cover with the lid slightly ajar, and simmer for 2 to 2.5 hours, stirring every 20–30 minutes, until the beef is completely tender and falls apart easily.
Whisk the masa harina with 3 tablespoons of cold water to form a smooth slurry, then stir it into the simmering chili and cook uncovered for 10–15 minutes until thickened to your liking.
Remove the pot from heat, let the chili rest uncovered for 5–10 minutes, then taste and adjust salt and cayenne as needed. Ladle into bowls and serve with your choice of toppings.